EFFECT OF RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION ADOPTION IN THE REDUCTION OF INEQUALITIES
Palabras clave:
Chacras, agroecología, inequidad, ODS, análisis de correspondencia múltiple.Resumen
La presente investigación examina la percepción de productores agroecológicos del proyecto “chacras agroecológicas” sobre la reducción de inequidad. Este Proyecto fue desarrollado en Puyo – Pastaza y promovido por el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado (GAD) de Pastaza. Se entrevistaron a diez participantes del proyecto durante los meses de Noviembre y Diciembre, buscamos analizar cómo el emprendimiento rural puede incentivar al logro de los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) propuestos por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). El marco conceptual usado para el análisis se basó en una revisión sistemática de literatura para obtener los indicadores de medición de inequidad. Los datos fueron recogidos en base a una muestra por conveniencia, cuya principal herramienta fue un cuestionario semiestructurado. Usando Análisis de Correspondencia Múltiple (ACM), se obtuvieron dos clústeres que mayor tienen representación en frecuencia por género. Estos clústeres nos brindaron percepciones diversas sobre inequidad, sin embargo, el primer clúster mostró mayor frecuencia siendo considerado el más representativo en el estudio. Mayormente, los productores apuntan a que las chacras, adoptadas en Puyo como emprendimiento rural de la mano con la adopción de innovaciones, no son factores claves para un mejor nivel de equidad entre productores.
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Ashkenazy, A., Calvão Chebach, T., Knickel, K., Peter, S., Horowitz, B., & Offenbach, R. (2018). Operationalising resilience in farms and rural regions – Findings from fourteen case studies. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRURSTUD.2017.07.008
Atmadja, S. S., & Sills, E. O. (2016). What Is a “Community Perception” of REDD+? A Systematic Review of How Perceptions of REDD+ Have Been Elicited and Reported in the Literature. PLOS ONE, 11(11), e0155636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155636
Bennett, E. M., Balvanera, P., & Folke, C. (2014). Toward a More Resilient Agriculture. Solutions, 5(5).
Borrelli, I. P. (2016). Territorial Sustainability and Multifunctional Agriculture: A Case Study. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 8, 467–474. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.046
Clausen, S.-E. (1998). Applied Correspondence Analysis. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983426
Escobar, G., & Berdegué, J. (1990). Tipificación de sistemas de producción agrícola.
FAO. (2009). Glossary On Organic Agriculture. Retrieved December 31, 2018, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations2 website: Glossary On Organic Agriculture%0A
Fithian, W., & Josse, J. (2016). Multiple Correspondence Analysis & the Multilogit Bilinear Model. In Journal of Multivariate Analysis (Vol. 157). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2017.02.009
Galindo-Reyes, F. C., Ciruela-Lorenzo, A. M., Pérez-Moreno, S., & Pérez-Canto, S. (2016). Rural indigenous women in Bolivia: A development proposal based on cooperativism. Women’s Studies International Forum, 59, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WSIF.2016.10.003
Gliessman, S. R. (1998). Agroecology: Ecological Process in Sustainable Agriculture. In Ann Arbor Press.
Gutiérrez, C. (2012). La Abundancia : Proyecto Cooperativo para la Agricultura Familiar Agroecológica. FAO.
Harwood, R. R. (1979). Small Farm Development: Understanding and Improving Farming Systems in the Humid Tropics. Westview Press, Boulder, CO., 1(1).
Higgins, V., Dibden, J., & Cocklin, C. (2008). Building alternative agri-food networks: Certification, embeddedness and agri-environmental governance. Journal of Rural Studies, 24(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.06.002
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INEC. (2018). Poverty and Inequality Report of Ecuador. Retrieved from http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/POBREZA/2018/Junio-2018/Informe_pobreza_y_desigualdad-junio_2018.pdf
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Jones, N., Holmes, R., Presler-Marshall, E., & Stavropoulou, M. (2017). Transforming gender constraints in the agricultural sector: The potential of social protection programmes. Global Food Security, 12, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GFS.2016.09.004
Juárez, V. (2011). Agricultura Familiar Agroecológica Campesina en la Comunidad Andina. Revista Agroecología. Retrieved from http://www.comunidadandina.org/Upload/2011610181827revista_agroecologia.pdf
Klerkx, L., van Mierlo, B., & Leeuwis, C. (2012). Evolution of systems approaches to agricultural innovation: concepts, analysis and interventions. In In: Darnhofer I., Gibbon D., Dedieu B. (eds) Farming Systems Research into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic. Springer, Dordrecht (pp. 457–483).
Klerkx, Laurens, Aarts, N., & Leeuwis, C. (2010). Adaptive management in agricultural innovation systems: The interactions between innovation networks and their environment. Agricultural Systems, 103(6), 390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2010.03.012
Leeuwis, C., van den Ban, A. W. (2004). Communication for Rural Innovation – Rethinking Agricultural Extension. In Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (Vol. 3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479704262615
Martin, A., Gross-Camp, N., Kebede, B., & McGuire, S. (2014). Measuring effectiveness, efficiency and equity in an experimental Payments for Ecosystem Services trial. Global Environmental Change, 28, 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2014.07.003
Morris, W., Henley, A., & Dowell, D. (2017). Farm diversification, entrepreneurship and technology adoption: Analysis of upland farmers in Wales. Journal of Rural Studies, 53, 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRURSTUD.2017.05.014
Mudege, N. N., Mdege, N., Abidin, P. E., & Bhatasara, S. (2017). The role of gender norms in access to agricultural training in Chikwawa and Phalombe, Malawi. Gender, Place & Culture, 24(12), 1689–1710. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1383363
Parchomenko, A., Nelen, D., Gillabel, J., & Rechberger, H. (2018). Measuring the circular economy - A Multiple Correspondence Analysis of 63 metrics. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 210). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.357
Parraguez-Vergara, E., Contreras, B., Clavijo, N., Villegas, V., Paucar, N., & Ther, F. (2018). Does indigenous and campesino traditional agriculture have anything to contribute to food sovereignty in Latin America? Evidence from Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala and Mexico. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 16(4–5), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2018.1489361
Pokorny, B., Johnson, J., Medina, G., & Hoch, L. (2012). Market-based conservation of the Amazonian forests: Revisiting win–win expectations. Geoforum, 43(3), 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOFORUM.2010.08.002
Raynolds, L. T., Murray, D., & Heller, A. (2007). Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: A comparative analysis of third-party environmental and social certification initiatives. Agriculture and Human Values, 24(2), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-006-9047-8
Rehman, A., Jingdong, L., Khatoon, R., Iqbal, M. S., & Hussain, I. (2016). Effect of Agricultural Growth on Poverty Reduction, its Importance and Suggestions. Transylvanian Review, 24(5).
Salverda, W., & Checchi, D. (2015). Labor Market Institutions and the Dispersion of Wage Earnings. Handbook of Income Distribution, 2, 1535–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59429-7.00019-4
Sarandón, S., & Flores, C. (2014). Agroecología : bases teóricas para el diseño y manejo de agroecosistemas sustentables. https://doi.org/E-Book
Sarandón, S. J. (2002). AGROECOLOGIA: El camino hacia una agricultura sustentable.
Teilmann, K. (2012). Measuring social capital accumulation in rural development. Journal of Rural Studies, 28(4), 458–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRURSTUD.2012.10.002
The World Bank. (2017). Help Women Farmers “Get to Equal.” Agriculture and Food.
United Nations. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved October 28, 2018, from Sustainable Development Goals website: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
Altieri, M. A. (2002). Agroecology: the science of natural resource management for poor farmers in marginal environments. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 93(1–3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00085-3
Altieri, M., Funes-Monzote, F., & Petersen, P. (2011). Agroecologically efficient agricultural systems for smallholder farmers: Contributions to food sovereignty. In Agronomy for Sustainable Development (Vol. 32). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0065-6
Altieri, M., & Nicholls, C. I. (2012). Agroecología: única esperanza para la soberanía alimentaria y la resiliencia socioecológica. Agroecología, 7(2), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Ashkenazy, A., Calvão Chebach, T., Knickel, K., Peter, S., Horowitz, B., & Offenbach, R. (2018). Operationalising resilience in farms and rural regions – Findings from fourteen case studies. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRURSTUD.2017.07.008
Atmadja, S. S., & Sills, E. O. (2016). What Is a “Community Perception” of REDD+? A Systematic Review of How Perceptions of REDD+ Have Been Elicited and Reported in the Literature. PLOS ONE, 11(11), e0155636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155636
Bennett, E. M., Balvanera, P., & Folke, C. (2014). Toward a More Resilient Agriculture. Solutions, 5(5).
Borrelli, I. P. (2016). Territorial Sustainability and Multifunctional Agriculture: A Case Study. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 8, 467–474. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.046
Clausen, S.-E. (1998). Applied Correspondence Analysis. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983426
Escobar, G., & Berdegué, J. (1990). Tipificación de sistemas de producción agrícola.
FAO. (2009). Glossary On Organic Agriculture. Retrieved December 31, 2018, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations2 website: Glossary On Organic Agriculture%0A
Fithian, W., & Josse, J. (2016). Multiple Correspondence Analysis & the Multilogit Bilinear Model. In Journal of Multivariate Analysis (Vol. 157). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2017.02.009
Galindo-Reyes, F. C., Ciruela-Lorenzo, A. M., Pérez-Moreno, S., & Pérez-Canto, S. (2016). Rural indigenous women in Bolivia: A development proposal based on cooperativism. Women’s Studies International Forum, 59, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WSIF.2016.10.003
Gliessman, S. R. (1998). Agroecology: Ecological Process in Sustainable Agriculture. In Ann Arbor Press.
Gutiérrez, C. (2012). La Abundancia : Proyecto Cooperativo para la Agricultura Familiar Agroecológica. FAO.
Harwood, R. R. (1979). Small Farm Development: Understanding and Improving Farming Systems in the Humid Tropics. Westview Press, Boulder, CO., 1(1).
Higgins, V., Dibden, J., & Cocklin, C. (2008). Building alternative agri-food networks: Certification, embeddedness and agri-environmental governance. Journal of Rural Studies, 24(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.06.002
Imai, K. S., Cheng, W., & Gaiha, R. (2017). Dynamic and long-term linkages among agricultural and non-agricultural growth, inequality and poverty in developing countries. International Review of Applied Economics, 31(3), 318–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2016.1249833
INEC. (2018). Poverty and Inequality Report of Ecuador. Retrieved from http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/POBREZA/2018/Junio-2018/Informe_pobreza_y_desigualdad-junio_2018.pdf
Intriago, R., Gortaire Amézcua, R., Bravo, E., & O’Connell, C. (2017). Agroecology in Ecuador: historical processes, achievements, and challenges. In Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems (Vol. 41). https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1284174
Jones, N., Holmes, R., Presler-Marshall, E., & Stavropoulou, M. (2017). Transforming gender constraints in the agricultural sector: The potential of social protection programmes. Global Food Security, 12, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GFS.2016.09.004
Juárez, V. (2011). Agricultura Familiar Agroecológica Campesina en la Comunidad Andina. Revista Agroecología. Retrieved from http://www.comunidadandina.org/Upload/2011610181827revista_agroecologia.pdf
Klerkx, L., van Mierlo, B., & Leeuwis, C. (2012). Evolution of systems approaches to agricultural innovation: concepts, analysis and interventions. In In: Darnhofer I., Gibbon D., Dedieu B. (eds) Farming Systems Research into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic. Springer, Dordrecht (pp. 457–483).
Klerkx, Laurens, Aarts, N., & Leeuwis, C. (2010). Adaptive management in agricultural innovation systems: The interactions between innovation networks and their environment. Agricultural Systems, 103(6), 390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2010.03.012
Leeuwis, C., van den Ban, A. W. (2004). Communication for Rural Innovation – Rethinking Agricultural Extension. In Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (Vol. 3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479704262615
Martin, A., Gross-Camp, N., Kebede, B., & McGuire, S. (2014). Measuring effectiveness, efficiency and equity in an experimental Payments for Ecosystem Services trial. Global Environmental Change, 28, 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2014.07.003
Morris, W., Henley, A., & Dowell, D. (2017). Farm diversification, entrepreneurship and technology adoption: Analysis of upland farmers in Wales. Journal of Rural Studies, 53, 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRURSTUD.2017.05.014
Mudege, N. N., Mdege, N., Abidin, P. E., & Bhatasara, S. (2017). The role of gender norms in access to agricultural training in Chikwawa and Phalombe, Malawi. Gender, Place & Culture, 24(12), 1689–1710. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1383363
Parchomenko, A., Nelen, D., Gillabel, J., & Rechberger, H. (2018). Measuring the circular economy - A Multiple Correspondence Analysis of 63 metrics. In Journal of Cleaner Production (Vol. 210). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.357
Parraguez-Vergara, E., Contreras, B., Clavijo, N., Villegas, V., Paucar, N., & Ther, F. (2018). Does indigenous and campesino traditional agriculture have anything to contribute to food sovereignty in Latin America? Evidence from Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala and Mexico. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 16(4–5), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2018.1489361
Pokorny, B., Johnson, J., Medina, G., & Hoch, L. (2012). Market-based conservation of the Amazonian forests: Revisiting win–win expectations. Geoforum, 43(3), 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOFORUM.2010.08.002
Raynolds, L. T., Murray, D., & Heller, A. (2007). Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: A comparative analysis of third-party environmental and social certification initiatives. Agriculture and Human Values, 24(2), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-006-9047-8
Rehman, A., Jingdong, L., Khatoon, R., Iqbal, M. S., & Hussain, I. (2016). Effect of Agricultural Growth on Poverty Reduction, its Importance and Suggestions. Transylvanian Review, 24(5).
Salverda, W., & Checchi, D. (2015). Labor Market Institutions and the Dispersion of Wage Earnings. Handbook of Income Distribution, 2, 1535–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59429-7.00019-4
Sarandón, S., & Flores, C. (2014). Agroecología : bases teóricas para el diseño y manejo de agroecosistemas sustentables. https://doi.org/E-Book
Sarandón, S. J. (2002). AGROECOLOGIA: El camino hacia una agricultura sustentable.
Teilmann, K. (2012). Measuring social capital accumulation in rural development. Journal of Rural Studies, 28(4), 458–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRURSTUD.2012.10.002
The World Bank. (2017). Help Women Farmers “Get to Equal.” Agriculture and Food.
United Nations. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved October 28, 2018, from Sustainable Development Goals website: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
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Publicado
2019-12-27
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Resumen 203
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Gortaire Díaz, D., Díaz Chong, M., & Díaz Chong, E. (2019). EFFECT OF RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION ADOPTION IN THE REDUCTION OF INEQUALITIES. Journal of Science and Research, 4(CIEIS2019), 268–290. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.utb.edu.ec/index.php/sr/article/view/773
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